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Stainless Steel
There are more than 70 standard types of stainless steel and many special alloys. These steels are produced in the wrought form (AISI types) and as cast alloys (ACI types). Generally, all are iron based, with 12 to 30 percent chromium, 0 to 22 percent nickel, and minor amounts of carbon, columbium, copper, molybdenum, selenium, tantalum, and titanium. There are three groups of wrought stainless steels:

1. Martensitic Alloys: characteristically magnetic and hardenable by heat treatment are oxidation resistant. They are exemplified by Type 410 (UNS S41000). Contain 12 to 20 percent chromium with controlled amount of carbon and other additives. Their corrosion resistance is inferior to austenitic stainless steels, and is generally used in mildly corrosive environments and for cutlery, turbine blades, and high-temperature parts.

2. Ferritic Stainless: characteristically magnetic but not hardenable by heat treatment. Contain 15 to as much as 30 percent Cr with low carbon content (0.1 percent). The higher chromium content improves its corrosive resistance. Type 430 (UNS S43000) widely used in nitric acid plants is a typical example. Corrosion resistance is rated good, although ferritic alloys are not good against reducing acids such as HCl.

3. Austenitic Stainless: widely used in bioprocessing, are characteristically non-magnetic, not hardenable by heat treatment, and are the most corrosion resistant of the three groups. These steels contain 16 to 26 percent chromium, 6 to 22 percent nickel. Carbon is kept low (0.08 percent) to minimize carbide precipitation. To avoid precipitation, special stainless steels stabilized with titanium, columbium, or tantalum, have been developed (types 321, 347, 348). Another approach to the problem is the use of low-carbon steels such as 304L and 316L, with 0.03 percent maximum carbon. Type 302 is the basic alloy of this group. Types 304 (UNS S30400) and 304L are low-carbon versions of 302. Types 316 (UNS S31600), 316L, and 317 (UNS S31700), with 2.5 to 3.5 percent molybdenum, are the most corrosion resistance.

4. Cast Stainless Alloys: are widely used in pumps, valves, and fittings. All corrosion resistant alloys have the letter C plus a second letter (A to N) denoting increasing nickel content. Numerals indicate maximum carbon. Typical members of this group are CF-8, similar to 304 stainless, CF-8M, similar to 316, and CD-4M Cu, which has improved resistance to nitric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids.